go/test/escape2n.go

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// errorcheck -0 -N -m -l
// Copyright 2010 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
// license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
// Test, using compiler diagnostic flags, that the escape analysis is working.
// Compiles but does not run. Inlining is disabled.
// Registerization is disabled too (-N), which should
// have no effect on escape analysis.
package foo
import (
"fmt"
"unsafe"
)
var gxx *int
func foo1(x int) { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
gxx = &x
}
func foo2(yy *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: yy$"
gxx = yy
}
func foo3(x int) *int { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return &x
}
type T *T
func foo3b(t T) { // ERROR "leaking param: t$"
*t = t
}
// xx isn't going anywhere, so use of yy is ok
func foo4(xx, yy *int) { // ERROR "xx does not escape$" "yy does not escape$"
xx = yy
}
// xx isn't going anywhere, so taking address of yy is ok
func foo5(xx **int, yy *int) { // ERROR "xx does not escape$" "yy does not escape$"
xx = &yy
}
func foo6(xx **int, yy *int) { // ERROR "xx does not escape$" "leaking param: yy$"
*xx = yy
}
func foo7(xx **int, yy *int) { // ERROR "xx does not escape$" "yy does not escape$"
**xx = *yy
}
func foo8(xx, yy *int) int { // ERROR "xx does not escape$" "yy does not escape$"
xx = yy
return *xx
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo9(xx, yy *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: xx to result ~r2 level=0$" "leaking param: yy to result ~r2 level=0$"
xx = yy
return xx
}
func foo10(xx, yy *int) { // ERROR "xx does not escape$" "yy does not escape$"
*xx = *yy
}
func foo11() int {
x, y := 0, 42
xx := &x
yy := &y
*xx = *yy
return x
}
var xxx **int
func foo12(yyy **int) { // ERROR "leaking param: yyy$"
xxx = yyy
}
// Must treat yyy as leaking because *yyy leaks, and the escape analysis
// summaries in exported metadata do not distinguish these two cases.
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo13(yyy **int) { // ERROR "leaking param content: yyy$"
*xxx = *yyy
}
func foo14(yyy **int) { // ERROR "yyy does not escape$"
**xxx = **yyy
}
func foo15(yy *int) { // ERROR "moved to heap: yy$"
xxx = &yy
}
func foo16(yy *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: yy$"
*xxx = yy
}
func foo17(yy *int) { // ERROR "yy does not escape$"
**xxx = *yy
}
func foo18(y int) { // ERROR "moved to heap: y$"
*xxx = &y
}
func foo19(y int) {
**xxx = y
}
type Bar struct {
i int
ii *int
}
func NewBar() *Bar {
return &Bar{42, nil} // ERROR "&Bar{...} escapes to heap$"
}
cmd/compile: update escape analysis tests for newescape The new escape analysis implementation tries to emit debugging diagnostics that are compatible with the existing implementation, but there's a handful of cases that are easier to handle by updating the test expectations instead. For regress tests that need updating, the original file is copied to oldescapeXXX.go.go with -newescape=false added to the //errorcheck line, while the file is updated in place with -newescape=true and new test requirements. Notable test changes: 1) escape_because.go looks for a lot of detailed internal debugging messages that are fairly particular to how esc.go works and that I haven't attempted to port over to escape.go yet. 2) There are a lot of "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=-1" messages for code like func(p *int) *T { return &T{p} } that were simply wrong. Here &T must be heap allocated unconditionally (because it's being returned); and since p is stored into it, p escapes unconditionally too. esc.go incorrectly reports that p escapes conditionally only if the returned pointer escaped. 3) esc.go used to print each "leaking param" analysis result as it discovered them, which could lead to redundant messages (e.g., that a param leaks at level=0 and level=1). escape.go instead prints everything at the end, once it knows the shortest path to each sink. 4) esc.go didn't precisely model direct-interface types, resulting in some values unnecessarily escaping to the heap when stored into non-escaping interface values. 5) For functions written in assembly, esc.go only printed "does not escape" messages, whereas escape.go prints "does not escape" or "leaking param" as appropriate, consistent with the behavior for functions written in Go. 6) 12 tests included "BAD" annotations identifying cases where esc.go was unnecessarily heap allocating something. These are all fixed by escape.go. Updates #23109. Change-Id: Iabc9eb14c94c9cadde3b183478d1fd54f013502f Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/170447 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
2019-04-02 21:44:13 +00:00
func NewBarp(x *int) *Bar { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
return &Bar{42, x} // ERROR "&Bar{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func NewBarp2(x *int) *Bar { // ERROR "x does not escape$"
return &Bar{*x, nil} // ERROR "&Bar{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func (b *Bar) NoLeak() int { // ERROR "b does not escape$"
return *(b.ii)
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b *Bar) Leak() *int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=0$"
return &b.i
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b *Bar) AlsoNoLeak() *int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=1$"
return b.ii
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b Bar) AlsoLeak() *int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=0$"
return b.ii
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b Bar) LeaksToo() *int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=0$"
v := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: v$"
b.ii = &v
return b.ii
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b *Bar) LeaksABit() *int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=1$"
v := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: v$"
b.ii = &v
return b.ii
}
func (b Bar) StillNoLeak() int { // ERROR "b does not escape$"
v := 0
b.ii = &v
return b.i
}
func goLeak(b *Bar) { // ERROR "leaking param: b$"
go b.NoLeak()
}
type Bar2 struct {
i [12]int
ii []int
}
func NewBar2() *Bar2 {
return &Bar2{[12]int{42}, nil} // ERROR "&Bar2{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func (b *Bar2) NoLeak() int { // ERROR "b does not escape$"
return b.i[0]
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b *Bar2) Leak() []int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=0$"
return b.i[:]
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b *Bar2) AlsoNoLeak() []int { // ERROR "leaking param: b to result ~r0 level=1$"
return b.ii[0:1]
}
func (b Bar2) AgainNoLeak() [12]int { // ERROR "b does not escape$"
return b.i
}
func (b *Bar2) LeakSelf() { // ERROR "leaking param: b$"
b.ii = b.i[0:4]
}
func (b *Bar2) LeakSelf2() { // ERROR "leaking param: b$"
var buf []int
buf = b.i[0:]
b.ii = buf
}
func foo21() func() int {
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
x := 42
return func() int { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
return x
}
}
func foo21a() func() int {
x := 42 // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return func() int { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
x++
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
return x
}
}
func foo22() int {
x := 42
return func() int { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
return x
}()
}
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
func foo23(x int) func() int {
return func() int { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
return x
}
}
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
func foo23a(x int) func() int {
f := func() int { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
return x
}
return f
}
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
func foo23b(x int) *(func() int) {
f := func() int { return x } // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$" "moved to heap: f$"
return &f
}
func foo23c(x int) func() int { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return func() int { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
x++
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
return x
}
}
func foo24(x int) int {
return func() int { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
return x
}()
}
var x *int
func fooleak(xx *int) int { // ERROR "leaking param: xx$"
x = xx
return *x
}
func foonoleak(xx *int) int { // ERROR "xx does not escape$"
return *x + *xx
}
func foo31(x int) int { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return fooleak(&x)
}
func foo32(x int) int {
return foonoleak(&x)
}
type Foo struct {
xx *int
x int
}
var F Foo
var pf *Foo
func (f *Foo) fooleak() { // ERROR "leaking param: f$"
pf = f
}
func (f *Foo) foonoleak() { // ERROR "f does not escape$"
F.x = f.x
}
func (f *Foo) Leak() { // ERROR "leaking param: f$"
f.fooleak()
}
func (f *Foo) NoLeak() { // ERROR "f does not escape$"
f.foonoleak()
}
func foo41(x int) { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
F.xx = &x
}
func (f *Foo) foo42(x int) { // ERROR "f does not escape$" "moved to heap: x$"
f.xx = &x
}
func foo43(f *Foo, x int) { // ERROR "f does not escape$" "moved to heap: x$"
f.xx = &x
}
func foo44(yy *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: yy$"
F.xx = yy
}
func (f *Foo) foo45() { // ERROR "f does not escape$"
F.x = f.x
}
// See foo13 above for explanation of why f leaks.
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (f *Foo) foo46() { // ERROR "leaking param content: f$"
F.xx = f.xx
}
func (f *Foo) foo47() { // ERROR "leaking param: f$"
f.xx = &f.x
}
var ptrSlice []*int
func foo50(i *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: i$"
ptrSlice[0] = i
}
var ptrMap map[*int]*int
func foo51(i *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: i$"
ptrMap[i] = i
}
func indaddr1(x int) *int { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return &x
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func indaddr2(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
return *&x
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func indaddr3(x *int32) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
return *(**int)(unsafe.Pointer(&x))
}
// From package math:
func Float32bits(f float32) uint32 {
return *(*uint32)(unsafe.Pointer(&f))
}
func Float32frombits(b uint32) float32 {
return *(*float32)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
}
func Float64bits(f float64) uint64 {
return *(*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&f))
}
func Float64frombits(b uint64) float64 {
return *(*float64)(unsafe.Pointer(&b))
}
// contrast with
func float64bitsptr(f float64) *uint64 { // ERROR "moved to heap: f$"
return (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(&f))
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func float64ptrbitsptr(f *float64) *uint64 { // ERROR "leaking param: f to result ~r1 level=0$"
return (*uint64)(unsafe.Pointer(f))
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func typesw(i interface{}) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: i to result ~r1 level=0$"
switch val := i.(type) {
case *int:
return val
case *int8:
v := int(*val) // ERROR "moved to heap: v$"
return &v
}
return nil
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func exprsw(i *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: i to result ~r1 level=0$"
switch j := i; *j + 110 {
case 12:
return j
case 42:
return nil
}
return nil
}
// assigning to an array element is like assigning to the array
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo60(i *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: i to result ~r1 level=0$"
var a [12]*int
a[0] = i
return a[1]
}
func foo60a(i *int) *int { // ERROR "i does not escape$"
var a [12]*int
a[0] = i
return nil
}
// assigning to a struct field is like assigning to the struct
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo61(i *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: i to result ~r1 level=0$"
type S struct {
a, b *int
}
var s S
s.a = i
return s.b
}
func foo61a(i *int) *int { // ERROR "i does not escape$"
type S struct {
a, b *int
}
var s S
s.a = i
return nil
}
// assigning to a struct field is like assigning to the struct but
// here this subtlety is lost, since s.a counts as an assignment to a
// track-losing dereference.
func foo62(i *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: i$"
type S struct {
a, b *int
}
s := new(S) // ERROR "new\(S\) does not escape$"
s.a = i
return nil // s.b
}
type M interface {
M()
}
func foo63(m M) { // ERROR "m does not escape$"
}
func foo64(m M) { // ERROR "leaking param: m$"
m.M()
}
func foo64b(m M) { // ERROR "leaking param: m$"
defer m.M()
}
type MV int
func (MV) M() {}
func foo65() {
var mv MV
foo63(&mv)
}
func foo66() {
var mv MV // ERROR "moved to heap: mv$"
foo64(&mv)
}
func foo67() {
var mv MV
foo63(mv) // ERROR "mv does not escape$"
}
func foo68() {
var mv MV
// escapes but it's an int so irrelevant
foo64(mv) // ERROR "mv escapes to heap$"
}
func foo69(m M) { // ERROR "leaking param: m$"
foo64(m)
}
func foo70(mv1 *MV, m M) { // ERROR "leaking param: m$" "leaking param: mv1$"
m = mv1
foo64(m)
}
func foo71(x *int) []*int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
var y []*int
y = append(y, x)
return y
}
func foo71a(x int) []*int { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
var y []*int
y = append(y, &x)
return y
}
func foo72() {
var x int
var y [1]*int
y[0] = &x
}
func foo72aa() [10]*int {
var x int // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
var y [10]*int
y[0] = &x
return y
}
func foo72a() {
var y [10]*int
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
// escapes its scope
x := i // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
y[i] = &x
}
return
}
func foo72b() [10]*int {
var y [10]*int
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
x := i // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
y[i] = &x
}
return y
}
// issue 2145
func foo73() {
s := []int{3, 2, 1} // ERROR "\[\]int{...} does not escape$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
for _, v := range s {
vv := v
// actually just escapes its scope
defer func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
println(vv)
}()
}
}
func foo731() {
s := []int{3, 2, 1} // ERROR "\[\]int{...} does not escape$"
for _, v := range s {
vv := v // ERROR "moved to heap: vv$"
// actually just escapes its scope
defer func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
vv = 42
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
println(vv)
}()
}
}
func foo74() {
s := []int{3, 2, 1} // ERROR "\[\]int{...} does not escape$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
for _, v := range s {
vv := v
// actually just escapes its scope
fn := func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
println(vv)
}
defer fn()
}
}
func foo74a() {
s := []int{3, 2, 1} // ERROR "\[\]int{...} does not escape$"
for _, v := range s {
vv := v // ERROR "moved to heap: vv$"
// actually just escapes its scope
fn := func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
vv += 1
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
println(vv)
}
defer fn()
}
}
// issue 3975
func foo74b() {
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
var array [3]func()
s := []int{3, 2, 1} // ERROR "\[\]int{...} does not escape$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
for i, v := range s {
vv := v
// actually just escapes its scope
array[i] = func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
println(vv)
}
}
}
func foo74c() {
var array [3]func()
s := []int{3, 2, 1} // ERROR "\[\]int{...} does not escape$"
for i, v := range s {
vv := v // ERROR "moved to heap: vv$"
// actually just escapes its scope
array[i] = func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
println(&vv)
}
}
}
func myprint(y *int, x ...interface{}) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: y to result ~r2 level=0$" "x does not escape$"
return y
}
func myprint1(y *int, x ...interface{}) *interface{} { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r2 level=0$" "y does not escape$"
return &x[0]
}
func foo75(z *int) { // ERROR "z does not escape$"
myprint(z, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo75a(z *int) { // ERROR "z does not escape$"
myprint1(z, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo75esc(z *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: z$"
gxx = myprint(z, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo75aesc(z *int) { // ERROR "z does not escape$"
var ppi **interface{} // assignments to pointer dereferences lose track
*ppi = myprint1(z, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "1 escapes to heap$" "2 escapes to heap$" "3 escapes to heap$"
}
func foo75aesc1(z *int) { // ERROR "z does not escape$"
sink = myprint1(z, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "1 escapes to heap$" "2 escapes to heap$" "3 escapes to heap$"
}
func foo76(z *int) { // ERROR "z does not escape"
myprint(nil, z) // ERROR "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo76a(z *int) { // ERROR "z does not escape"
myprint1(nil, z) // ERROR "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo76b() {
myprint(nil, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo76c() {
myprint1(nil, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo76d() {
defer myprint(nil, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo76e() {
defer myprint1(nil, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "1 does not escape" "2 does not escape" "3 does not escape" "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo76f() {
for {
// TODO: This one really only escapes its scope, but we don't distinguish yet.
defer myprint(nil, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "1 escapes to heap$" "2 escapes to heap$" "3 escapes to heap$"
}
}
func foo76g() {
for {
defer myprint1(nil, 1, 2, 3) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "1 escapes to heap$" "2 escapes to heap$" "3 escapes to heap$"
}
}
func foo77(z []interface{}) { // ERROR "z does not escape$"
myprint(nil, z...) // z does not escape
}
func foo77a(z []interface{}) { // ERROR "z does not escape$"
myprint1(nil, z...)
}
func foo77b(z []interface{}) { // ERROR "leaking param: z$"
var ppi **interface{}
*ppi = myprint1(nil, z...)
}
func foo77c(z []interface{}) { // ERROR "leaking param: z$"
sink = myprint1(nil, z...)
}
func dotdotdot() {
i := 0
myprint(nil, &i) // ERROR "... argument does not escape$"
j := 0
myprint1(nil, &j) // ERROR "... argument does not escape$"
}
func foo78(z int) *int { // ERROR "moved to heap: z$"
return &z
}
func foo78a(z int) *int { // ERROR "moved to heap: z$"
y := &z
x := &y
return *x // really return y
}
func foo79() *int {
return new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) escapes to heap$"
}
func foo80() *int {
var z *int
for {
// Really just escapes its scope but we don't distinguish
z = new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) escapes to heap$"
}
_ = z
return nil
}
func foo81() *int {
for {
z := new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) does not escape$"
_ = z
}
return nil
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func tee(p *int) (x, y *int) { return p, p } // ERROR "leaking param: p to result x level=0$" "leaking param: p to result y level=0$"
func noop(x, y *int) {} // ERROR "x does not escape$" "y does not escape$"
func foo82() {
var x, y, z int // ERROR "moved to heap: x$" "moved to heap: y$" "moved to heap: z$"
go noop(tee(&z))
go noop(&x, &y)
for {
var u, v, w int // ERROR "moved to heap: u$" "moved to heap: v$" "moved to heap: w$"
defer noop(tee(&u))
defer noop(&v, &w)
}
}
type Fooer interface {
Foo()
}
type LimitedFooer struct {
Fooer
N int64
}
cmd/compile: update escape analysis tests for newescape The new escape analysis implementation tries to emit debugging diagnostics that are compatible with the existing implementation, but there's a handful of cases that are easier to handle by updating the test expectations instead. For regress tests that need updating, the original file is copied to oldescapeXXX.go.go with -newescape=false added to the //errorcheck line, while the file is updated in place with -newescape=true and new test requirements. Notable test changes: 1) escape_because.go looks for a lot of detailed internal debugging messages that are fairly particular to how esc.go works and that I haven't attempted to port over to escape.go yet. 2) There are a lot of "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=-1" messages for code like func(p *int) *T { return &T{p} } that were simply wrong. Here &T must be heap allocated unconditionally (because it's being returned); and since p is stored into it, p escapes unconditionally too. esc.go incorrectly reports that p escapes conditionally only if the returned pointer escaped. 3) esc.go used to print each "leaking param" analysis result as it discovered them, which could lead to redundant messages (e.g., that a param leaks at level=0 and level=1). escape.go instead prints everything at the end, once it knows the shortest path to each sink. 4) esc.go didn't precisely model direct-interface types, resulting in some values unnecessarily escaping to the heap when stored into non-escaping interface values. 5) For functions written in assembly, esc.go only printed "does not escape" messages, whereas escape.go prints "does not escape" or "leaking param" as appropriate, consistent with the behavior for functions written in Go. 6) 12 tests included "BAD" annotations identifying cases where esc.go was unnecessarily heap allocating something. These are all fixed by escape.go. Updates #23109. Change-Id: Iabc9eb14c94c9cadde3b183478d1fd54f013502f Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/170447 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
2019-04-02 21:44:13 +00:00
func LimitFooer(r Fooer, n int64) Fooer { // ERROR "leaking param: r$"
return &LimitedFooer{r, n} // ERROR "&LimitedFooer{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func foo90(x *int) map[*int]*int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
return map[*int]*int{nil: x} // ERROR "map\[\*int\]\*int{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func foo91(x *int) map[*int]*int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
return map[*int]*int{x: nil} // ERROR "map\[\*int\]\*int{...} escapes to heap$"
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo92(x *int) [2]*int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
return [2]*int{x, nil}
}
// does not leak c
func foo93(c chan *int) *int { // ERROR "c does not escape$"
for v := range c {
return v
}
return nil
}
// does not leak m
func foo94(m map[*int]*int, b bool) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: m to result ~r2 level=1"
for k, v := range m {
if b {
return k
}
return v
}
return nil
}
// does leak x
func foo95(m map[*int]*int, x *int) { // ERROR "m does not escape$" "leaking param: x$"
m[x] = x
}
// does not leak m but does leak content
func foo96(m []*int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: m to result ~r1 level=1"
return m[0]
}
// does leak m
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo97(m [1]*int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: m to result ~r1 level=0$"
return m[0]
}
// does not leak m
func foo98(m map[int]*int) *int { // ERROR "m does not escape$"
return m[0]
}
// does leak m
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo99(m *[1]*int) []*int { // ERROR "leaking param: m to result ~r1 level=0$"
return m[:]
}
// does not leak m
func foo100(m []*int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: m to result ~r1 level=1"
for _, v := range m {
return v
}
return nil
}
// does leak m
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo101(m [1]*int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: m to result ~r1 level=0$"
for _, v := range m {
return v
}
return nil
}
// does not leak m
func foo101a(m [1]*int) *int { // ERROR "m does not escape$"
for i := range m { // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
return &i
}
return nil
}
// does leak x
func foo102(m []*int, x *int) { // ERROR "m does not escape$" "leaking param: x$"
m[0] = x
}
// does not leak x
func foo103(m [1]*int, x *int) { // ERROR "m does not escape$" "x does not escape$"
m[0] = x
}
var y []*int
// does not leak x but does leak content
func foo104(x []*int) { // ERROR "leaking param content: x"
copy(y, x)
}
// does not leak x but does leak content
func foo105(x []*int) { // ERROR "leaking param content: x"
_ = append(y, x...)
}
// does leak x
func foo106(x *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
_ = append(y, x)
}
func foo107(x *int) map[*int]*int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
return map[*int]*int{x: nil} // ERROR "map\[\*int\]\*int{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func foo108(x *int) map[*int]*int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
return map[*int]*int{nil: x} // ERROR "map\[\*int\]\*int{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func foo109(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
m := map[*int]*int{x: nil} // ERROR "map\[\*int\]\*int{...} does not escape$"
for k, _ := range m {
return k
}
return nil
}
func foo110(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
m := map[*int]*int{nil: x} // ERROR "map\[\*int\]\*int{...} does not escape$"
return m[nil]
}
func foo111(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0"
m := []*int{x} // ERROR "\[\]\*int{...} does not escape$"
return m[0]
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo112(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
m := [1]*int{x}
return m[0]
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo113(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
m := Bar{ii: x}
return m.ii
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo114(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
m := &Bar{ii: x} // ERROR "&Bar{...} does not escape$"
return m.ii
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func foo115(x *int) *int { // ERROR "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=0$"
return (*int)(unsafe.Pointer(uintptr(unsafe.Pointer(x)) + 1))
}
func foo116(b bool) *int {
if b {
x := 1 // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return &x
} else {
y := 1 // ERROR "moved to heap: y$"
return &y
}
return nil
}
func foo117(unknown func(interface{})) { // ERROR "unknown does not escape$"
x := 1 // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
unknown(&x)
}
func foo118(unknown func(*int)) { // ERROR "unknown does not escape$"
x := 1 // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
unknown(&x)
}
func external(*int)
func foo119(x *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
external(x)
}
func foo120() {
// formerly exponential time analysis
L1:
L2:
L3:
L4:
L5:
L6:
L7:
L8:
L9:
L10:
L11:
L12:
L13:
L14:
L15:
L16:
L17:
L18:
L19:
L20:
L21:
L22:
L23:
L24:
L25:
L26:
L27:
L28:
L29:
L30:
L31:
L32:
L33:
L34:
L35:
L36:
L37:
L38:
L39:
L40:
L41:
L42:
L43:
L44:
L45:
L46:
L47:
L48:
L49:
L50:
L51:
L52:
L53:
L54:
L55:
L56:
L57:
L58:
L59:
L60:
L61:
L62:
L63:
L64:
L65:
L66:
L67:
L68:
L69:
L70:
L71:
L72:
L73:
L74:
L75:
L76:
L77:
L78:
L79:
L80:
L81:
L82:
L83:
L84:
L85:
L86:
L87:
L88:
L89:
L90:
L91:
L92:
L93:
L94:
L95:
L96:
L97:
L98:
L99:
L100:
// use the labels to silence compiler errors
goto L1
goto L2
goto L3
goto L4
goto L5
goto L6
goto L7
goto L8
goto L9
goto L10
goto L11
goto L12
goto L13
goto L14
goto L15
goto L16
goto L17
goto L18
goto L19
goto L20
goto L21
goto L22
goto L23
goto L24
goto L25
goto L26
goto L27
goto L28
goto L29
goto L30
goto L31
goto L32
goto L33
goto L34
goto L35
goto L36
goto L37
goto L38
goto L39
goto L40
goto L41
goto L42
goto L43
goto L44
goto L45
goto L46
goto L47
goto L48
goto L49
goto L50
goto L51
goto L52
goto L53
goto L54
goto L55
goto L56
goto L57
goto L58
goto L59
goto L60
goto L61
goto L62
goto L63
goto L64
goto L65
goto L66
goto L67
goto L68
goto L69
goto L70
goto L71
goto L72
goto L73
goto L74
goto L75
goto L76
goto L77
goto L78
goto L79
goto L80
goto L81
goto L82
goto L83
goto L84
goto L85
goto L86
goto L87
goto L88
goto L89
goto L90
goto L91
goto L92
goto L93
goto L94
goto L95
goto L96
goto L97
goto L98
goto L99
goto L100
}
func foo121() {
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
defer myprint(nil, i) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "i escapes to heap$"
go myprint(nil, i) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "i escapes to heap$"
}
}
// same as foo121 but check across import
func foo121b() {
for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
defer fmt.Printf("%d", i) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "i escapes to heap$"
go fmt.Printf("%d", i) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$" "i escapes to heap$"
}
}
// a harmless forward jump
func foo122() {
var i *int
goto L1
L1:
i = new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) does not escape$"
_ = i
}
// a backward jump, increases loopdepth
func foo123() {
var i *int
L1:
i = new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) escapes to heap$"
goto L1
_ = i
}
func foo124(x **int) { // ERROR "x does not escape$"
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
*x = p
}()
}
func foo125(ch chan *int) { // ERROR "ch does not escape$"
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
ch <- p
}()
}
func foo126() {
var px *int // loopdepth 0
for {
// loopdepth 1
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
px = &i
}()
}
_ = px
}
var px *int
func foo127() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
q := p
px = q
}
func foo128() {
var i int
p := &i
q := p
_ = q
}
func foo129() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
q := p
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
r := q
px = r
}()
}()
}
func foo130() {
for {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
px = &i
}()
}
}
func foo131() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
px = &i
}()
}
func foo132() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
go func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
px = &i
}()
}
func foo133() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
defer func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
px = &i
}()
}
func foo134() {
var i int
p := &i
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
q := p
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
r := q
_ = r
}()
}()
}
func foo135() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
go func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
q := p
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
r := q
_ = r
}()
}()
}
func foo136() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
go func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
q := p
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
r := q
px = r
}()
}()
}
func foo137() {
var i int // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
p := &i
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
q := p
go func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: capture variables by value Language specification says that variables are captured by reference. And that is what gc compiler does. However, in lots of cases it is possible to capture variables by value under the hood without affecting visible behavior of programs. For example, consider the following typical pattern: func (o *Obj) requestMany(urls []string) []Result { wg := new(sync.WaitGroup) wg.Add(len(urls)) res := make([]Result, len(urls)) for i := range urls { i := i go func() { res[i] = o.requestOne(urls[i]) wg.Done() }() } wg.Wait() return res } Currently o, wg, res, and i are captured by reference causing 3+len(urls) allocations (e.g. PPARAM o is promoted to PPARAMREF and moved to heap). But all of them can be captured by value without changing behavior. This change implements simple strategy for capturing by value: if a captured variable is not addrtaken and never assigned to, then it is captured by value (it is effectively const). This simple strategy turned out to be very effective: ~80% of all captures in std lib are turned into value captures. The remaining 20% are mostly in defers and non-escaping closures, that is, they do not cause allocations anyway. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkCompressedZipGarbage 153 126 -17.65% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e4 91 69 -24.18% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e5 178 129 -27.53% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsSpeed1e6 1510 1051 -30.40% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsDefault1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e4 100 75 -25.00% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e5 193 139 -27.98% BenchmarkEncodeDigitsCompress1e6 1420 985 -30.63% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e4 109 81 -25.69% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e5 211 151 -28.44% BenchmarkEncodeTwainSpeed1e6 1588 1097 -30.92% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e5 199 143 -28.14% BenchmarkEncodeTwainDefault1e6 1324 917 -30.74% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e4 103 77 -25.24% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e5 190 137 -27.89% BenchmarkEncodeTwainCompress1e6 1327 919 -30.75% BenchmarkConcurrentDBExec 16223 16220 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtQuery 17687 16182 -8.51% BenchmarkConcurrentStmtExec 5191 5186 -0.10% BenchmarkConcurrentTxQuery 17665 17661 -0.02% BenchmarkConcurrentTxExec 15154 15150 -0.03% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtQuery 17661 16157 -8.52% BenchmarkConcurrentTxStmtExec 3677 3673 -0.11% BenchmarkConcurrentRandom 14000 13614 -2.76% BenchmarkManyConcurrentQueries 25 22 -12.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 252 -20.75% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2252 -2.85% BenchmarkDecode 11 8 -27.27% BenchmarkEncodeGray 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkEncodeNRGBA 67 58 -13.43% BenchmarkEncodePaletted 68 60 -11.76% BenchmarkEncodeRGBOpaque 64 56 -12.50% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 139 -9.15% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServer 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 59 -4.84% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 76 -3.80% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 109 -2.68% BenchmarkCreateGoroutinesCapture 10 6 -40.00% BenchmarkAfterFunc 1006 1005 -0.10% Fixes #6632. Change-Id: I0cd51e4d356331d7f3c5f447669080cd19b0d2ca Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3166 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-19 19:59:58 +00:00
r := q
_ = r
}()
}()
}
func foo138() *byte {
type T struct {
x [1]byte
}
t := new(T) // ERROR "new\(T\) escapes to heap$"
return &t.x[0]
}
func foo139() *byte {
type T struct {
x struct {
y byte
}
}
t := new(T) // ERROR "new\(T\) escapes to heap$"
return &t.x.y
}
// issue 4751
func foo140() interface{} {
type T struct {
X string
}
type U struct {
X string
T *T
}
t := &T{} // ERROR "&T{} escapes to heap$"
return U{ // ERROR "U{...} escapes to heap$"
X: t.X,
T: t,
}
}
//go:noescape
func F1([]byte)
func F2([]byte)
//go:noescape
func F3(x []byte) // ERROR "x does not escape$"
cmd/compile: update escape analysis tests for newescape The new escape analysis implementation tries to emit debugging diagnostics that are compatible with the existing implementation, but there's a handful of cases that are easier to handle by updating the test expectations instead. For regress tests that need updating, the original file is copied to oldescapeXXX.go.go with -newescape=false added to the //errorcheck line, while the file is updated in place with -newescape=true and new test requirements. Notable test changes: 1) escape_because.go looks for a lot of detailed internal debugging messages that are fairly particular to how esc.go works and that I haven't attempted to port over to escape.go yet. 2) There are a lot of "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=-1" messages for code like func(p *int) *T { return &T{p} } that were simply wrong. Here &T must be heap allocated unconditionally (because it's being returned); and since p is stored into it, p escapes unconditionally too. esc.go incorrectly reports that p escapes conditionally only if the returned pointer escaped. 3) esc.go used to print each "leaking param" analysis result as it discovered them, which could lead to redundant messages (e.g., that a param leaks at level=0 and level=1). escape.go instead prints everything at the end, once it knows the shortest path to each sink. 4) esc.go didn't precisely model direct-interface types, resulting in some values unnecessarily escaping to the heap when stored into non-escaping interface values. 5) For functions written in assembly, esc.go only printed "does not escape" messages, whereas escape.go prints "does not escape" or "leaking param" as appropriate, consistent with the behavior for functions written in Go. 6) 12 tests included "BAD" annotations identifying cases where esc.go was unnecessarily heap allocating something. These are all fixed by escape.go. Updates #23109. Change-Id: Iabc9eb14c94c9cadde3b183478d1fd54f013502f Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/170447 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
2019-04-02 21:44:13 +00:00
func F4(x []byte) // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
func G() {
var buf1 [10]byte
F1(buf1[:])
var buf2 [10]byte // ERROR "moved to heap: buf2$"
F2(buf2[:])
var buf3 [10]byte
F3(buf3[:])
var buf4 [10]byte // ERROR "moved to heap: buf4$"
F4(buf4[:])
}
type Tm struct {
x int
}
func (t *Tm) M() { // ERROR "t does not escape$"
}
func foo141() {
var f func()
cmd/compile: more precise analysis of method values Previously for a method value "x.M", we always flowed x directly to the heap, which led to the receiver argument generally needing to be heap allocated. This CL changes it to flow x to the closure and M's receiver parameter. This allows receiver arguments to be stack allocated as long as (1) the closure never escapes, *and* (2) method doesn't leak its receiver parameter. Within the standard library, this allows a handful of objects to be stack allocated instead. Listed here are diagnostics that were previously emitted by "go build -gcflags=-m std cmd" that are no longer emitted: archive/tar/writer.go:118:6: moved to heap: f archive/tar/writer.go:208:6: moved to heap: f archive/tar/writer.go:248:6: moved to heap: f cmd/compile/internal/gc/initorder.go:252:2: moved to heap: d cmd/compile/internal/gc/initorder.go:75:2: moved to heap: s cmd/go/internal/generate/generate.go:206:7: &Generator literal escapes to heap cmd/internal/obj/arm64/asm7.go:910:2: moved to heap: c cmd/internal/obj/mips/asm0.go:415:2: moved to heap: c cmd/internal/obj/pcln.go:294:22: new(pcinlineState) escapes to heap cmd/internal/obj/s390x/asmz.go:459:2: moved to heap: c crypto/tls/handshake_server.go:56:2: moved to heap: hs Thanks to Cuong Manh Le for help coming up with this solution. Fixes #27557. Change-Id: I8c85d671d07fb9b53e11d2dd05949a34dbbd7e17 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/228263 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> Reviewed-by: Cuong Manh Le <cuong.manhle.vn@gmail.com> Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2020-04-20 18:14:36 +00:00
t := new(Tm) // ERROR "new\(Tm\) does not escape$"
f = t.M // ERROR "t.M does not escape$"
_ = f
}
var gf func()
func foo142() {
t := new(Tm) // ERROR "new\(Tm\) escapes to heap$"
gf = t.M // ERROR "t.M escapes to heap$"
}
// issue 3888.
func foo143() {
for i := 0; i < 1000; i++ {
func() { // ERROR "func literal does not escape$"
for i := 0; i < 1; i++ {
var t Tm
t.M()
}
}()
}
}
// issue 5773
// Check that annotations take effect regardless of whether they
// are before or after the use in the source code.
//go:noescape
func foo144a(*int)
func foo144() {
var x int
foo144a(&x)
var y int
foo144b(&y)
}
//go:noescape
func foo144b(*int)
// issue 7313: for loop init should not be treated as "in loop"
type List struct {
Next *List
}
func foo145(l List) { // ERROR "l does not escape$"
var p *List
for p = &l; p.Next != nil; p = p.Next {
}
}
func foo146(l List) { // ERROR "l does not escape$"
var p *List
p = &l
for ; p.Next != nil; p = p.Next {
}
}
func foo147(l List) { // ERROR "l does not escape$"
var p *List
p = &l
for p.Next != nil {
p = p.Next
}
}
func foo148(l List) { // ERROR "l does not escape$"
for p := &l; p.Next != nil; p = p.Next {
}
}
// related: address of variable should have depth of variable, not of loop
func foo149(l List) { // ERROR "l does not escape$"
var p *List
for {
for p = &l; p.Next != nil; p = p.Next {
}
}
}
// issue 7934: missed ... if element type had no pointers
var save150 []byte
func foo150(x ...byte) { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
save150 = x
}
func bar150() {
foo150(1, 2, 3) // ERROR "... argument escapes to heap$"
}
// issue 7931: bad handling of slice of array
var save151 *int
func foo151(x *int) { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
save151 = x
}
func bar151() {
var a [64]int // ERROR "moved to heap: a$"
a[4] = 101
foo151(&(&a)[4:8][0])
}
func bar151b() {
var a [10]int // ERROR "moved to heap: a$"
b := a[:]
foo151(&b[4:8][0])
}
func bar151c() {
var a [64]int // ERROR "moved to heap: a$"
a[4] = 101
foo151(&(&a)[4:8:8][0])
}
func bar151d() {
var a [10]int // ERROR "moved to heap: a$"
b := a[:]
foo151(&b[4:8:8][0])
}
// issue 8120
type U struct {
s *string
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (u *U) String() *string { // ERROR "leaking param: u to result ~r0 level=1$"
return u.s
}
type V struct {
s *string
}
cmd/compile: update escape analysis tests for newescape The new escape analysis implementation tries to emit debugging diagnostics that are compatible with the existing implementation, but there's a handful of cases that are easier to handle by updating the test expectations instead. For regress tests that need updating, the original file is copied to oldescapeXXX.go.go with -newescape=false added to the //errorcheck line, while the file is updated in place with -newescape=true and new test requirements. Notable test changes: 1) escape_because.go looks for a lot of detailed internal debugging messages that are fairly particular to how esc.go works and that I haven't attempted to port over to escape.go yet. 2) There are a lot of "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=-1" messages for code like func(p *int) *T { return &T{p} } that were simply wrong. Here &T must be heap allocated unconditionally (because it's being returned); and since p is stored into it, p escapes unconditionally too. esc.go incorrectly reports that p escapes conditionally only if the returned pointer escaped. 3) esc.go used to print each "leaking param" analysis result as it discovered them, which could lead to redundant messages (e.g., that a param leaks at level=0 and level=1). escape.go instead prints everything at the end, once it knows the shortest path to each sink. 4) esc.go didn't precisely model direct-interface types, resulting in some values unnecessarily escaping to the heap when stored into non-escaping interface values. 5) For functions written in assembly, esc.go only printed "does not escape" messages, whereas escape.go prints "does not escape" or "leaking param" as appropriate, consistent with the behavior for functions written in Go. 6) 12 tests included "BAD" annotations identifying cases where esc.go was unnecessarily heap allocating something. These are all fixed by escape.go. Updates #23109. Change-Id: Iabc9eb14c94c9cadde3b183478d1fd54f013502f Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/170447 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
2019-04-02 21:44:13 +00:00
func NewV(u U) *V { // ERROR "leaking param: u$"
return &V{u.String()} // ERROR "&V{...} escapes to heap$"
}
func foo152() {
a := "a" // ERROR "moved to heap: a$"
u := U{&a}
v := NewV(u)
println(v)
}
// issue 8176 - &x in type switch body not marked as escaping
func foo153(v interface{}) *int { // ERROR "v does not escape"
switch x := v.(type) {
case int: // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
return &x
}
[dev.regabi] cmd/compile: convert OPANIC argument to interface{} during typecheck Currently, typecheck leaves arguments to OPANIC as their original type. This CL changes it to insert implicit OCONVIFACE operations to convert arguments to `interface{}` like how any other function call would be handled. No immediate benefits, other than getting to remove a tiny bit of special-case logic in order.go's handling of OPANICs. Instead, the generic code path for handling OCONVIFACE is used, if necessary. Longer term, this should be marginally helpful for #43753, as it reduces the number of cases where we need values to be addressable for runtime calls. However, this does require adding some hacks to appease existing tests: 1. We need yet another kludge in inline budgeting, to ensure that reflect.flag.mustBe stays inlinable for cmd/compile/internal/test's TestIntendedInlining. 2. Since the OCONVIFACE expressions are now being introduced during typecheck, they're now visible to escape analysis. So expressions like "panic(1)" are now seen as "panic(interface{}(1))", and escape analysis warns that the "interface{}(1)" escapes to the heap. These have always escaped to heap, just now we're accurately reporting about it. (Also, unfortunately fmt.go hides implicit conversions by default in diagnostics messages, so instead of reporting "interface{}(1) escapes to heap", it actually reports "1 escapes to heap", which is confusing. However, this confusing messaging also isn't new.) Change-Id: Icedf60e1d2e464e219441b8d1233a313770272af Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/284412 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Cuong Manh Le <cuong.manhle.vn@gmail.com> Trust: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com>
2021-01-18 00:14:48 +00:00
panic(0) // ERROR "0 escapes to heap"
}
// issue 8185 - &result escaping into result
func f() (x int, y *int) { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
y = &x
return
}
func g() (x interface{}) { // ERROR "moved to heap: x$"
x = &x
return
}
var sink interface{}
type Lit struct {
p *int
}
func ptrlitNoescape() {
// Both literal and element do not escape.
i := 0
x := &Lit{&i} // ERROR "&Lit{...} does not escape$"
_ = x
}
func ptrlitNoEscape2() {
// Literal does not escape, but element does.
i := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
x := &Lit{&i} // ERROR "&Lit{...} does not escape$"
sink = *x
}
func ptrlitEscape() {
// Both literal and element escape.
i := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
x := &Lit{&i} // ERROR "&Lit{...} escapes to heap$"
sink = x
}
// self-assignments
type Buffer struct {
arr [64]byte
arrPtr *[64]byte
buf1 []byte
buf2 []byte
str1 string
str2 string
}
func (b *Buffer) foo() { // ERROR "b does not escape$"
b.buf1 = b.buf1[1:2] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).foo ignoring self-assignment in b.buf1 = b.buf1\[1:2\]$"
b.buf1 = b.buf1[1:2:3] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).foo ignoring self-assignment in b.buf1 = b.buf1\[1:2:3\]$"
b.buf1 = b.buf2[1:2] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).foo ignoring self-assignment in b.buf1 = b.buf2\[1:2\]$"
b.buf1 = b.buf2[1:2:3] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).foo ignoring self-assignment in b.buf1 = b.buf2\[1:2:3\]$"
}
func (b *Buffer) bar() { // ERROR "leaking param: b$"
b.buf1 = b.arr[1:2]
}
func (b *Buffer) arrayPtr() { // ERROR "b does not escape"
b.buf1 = b.arrPtr[1:2] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).arrayPtr ignoring self-assignment in b.buf1 = b.arrPtr\[1:2\]$"
b.buf1 = b.arrPtr[1:2:3] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).arrayPtr ignoring self-assignment in b.buf1 = b.arrPtr\[1:2:3\]$"
}
func (b *Buffer) baz() { // ERROR "b does not escape$"
b.str1 = b.str1[1:2] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).baz ignoring self-assignment in b.str1 = b.str1\[1:2\]$"
b.str1 = b.str2[1:2] // ERROR "\(\*Buffer\).baz ignoring self-assignment in b.str1 = b.str2\[1:2\]$"
}
cmd/internal/gc: improve flow of input params to output params This includes the following information in the per-function summary: outK = paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ outK = *paramJ encoded in outK bits for paramJ heap = paramJ EscHeap heap = *paramJ EscContentEscapes Note that (currently) if the address of a parameter is taken and returned, necessarily a heap allocation occurred to contain that reference, and the heap can never refer to stack, therefore the parameter and everything downstream from it escapes to the heap. The per-function summary information now has a tuneable number of bits (2 is probably noticeably better than 1, 3 is likely overkill, but it is now easy to check and the -m debugging output includes information that allows you to figure out if more would be better.) A new test was added to check pointer flow through struct-typed and *struct-typed parameters and returns; some of these are sensitive to the number of summary bits, and ought to yield better results with a more competent escape analysis algorithm. Another new test checks (some) correctness with array parameters, results, and operations. The old analysis inferred a piece of plan9 runtime was non-escaping by counteracting overconservative analysis with buggy analysis; with the bug fixed, the result was too conservative (and it's not easy to fix in this framework) so the source code was tweaked to get the desired result. A test was added against the discovered bug. The escape analysis was further improved splitting the "level" into 3 parts, one tracking the conventional "level" and the other two computing the highest-level-suffix-from-copy, which is used to generally model the cancelling effect of indirection applied to address-of. With the improved escape analysis enabled, it was necessary to modify one of the runtime tests because it now attempts to allocate too much on the (small, fixed-size) G0 (system) stack and this failed the test. Compiling src/std after touching src/runtime/*.go with -m logging turned on shows 420 fewer heap allocation sites (10538 vs 10968). Profiling allocations in src/html/template with for i in {1..5} ; do go tool 6g -memprofile=mastx.${i}.prof -memprofilerate=1 *.go; go tool pprof -alloc_objects -text mastx.${i}.prof ; done showed a 15% reduction in allocations performed by the compiler. Update #3753 Update #4720 Fixes #10466 Change-Id: I0fd97d5f5ac527b45f49e2218d158a6e89951432 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8202 Run-TryBot: David Chase <drchase@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-03-26 20:36:15 +00:00
func (b *Buffer) bat() { // ERROR "leaking param content: b$"
o := new(Buffer) // ERROR "new\(Buffer\) escapes to heap$"
o.buf1 = b.buf1[1:2]
sink = o
}
func quux(sp *string, bp *[]byte) { // ERROR "bp does not escape$" "sp does not escape$"
*sp = (*sp)[1:2] // ERROR "quux ignoring self-assignment in \*sp = \(\*sp\)\[1:2\]$"
*bp = (*bp)[1:2] // ERROR "quux ignoring self-assignment in \*bp = \(\*bp\)\[1:2\]$"
}
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
type StructWithString struct {
p *int
s string
}
// This is escape analysis false negative.
// We assign the pointer to x.p but leak x.s. Escape analysis coarsens flows
// to just x, and thus &i looks escaping.
func fieldFlowTracking() {
var x StructWithString
i := 0 // ERROR "moved to heap: i$"
x.p = &i
sink = x.s // ERROR "x.s escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
}
// String operations.
func slicebytetostring0() {
b := make([]byte, 20) // ERROR "make\(\[\]byte, 20\) does not escape$"
s := string(b) // ERROR "string\(b\) does not escape$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
_ = s
}
func slicebytetostring1() {
b := make([]byte, 20) // ERROR "make\(\[\]byte, 20\) does not escape$"
s := string(b) // ERROR "string\(b\) does not escape$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
s1 := s[0:1]
_ = s1
}
func slicebytetostring2() {
b := make([]byte, 20) // ERROR "make\(\[\]byte, 20\) does not escape$"
s := string(b) // ERROR "string\(b\) escapes to heap$"
s1 := s[0:1] // ERROR "moved to heap: s1$"
sink = &s1
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
}
func slicebytetostring3() {
b := make([]byte, 20) // ERROR "make\(\[\]byte, 20\) does not escape$"
s := string(b) // ERROR "string\(b\) escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
s1 := s[0:1]
sink = s1 // ERROR "s1 escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
}
func addstr0() {
s0 := "a"
s1 := "b"
s := s0 + s1 // ERROR "s0 \+ s1 does not escape$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
_ = s
}
func addstr1() {
s0 := "a"
s1 := "b"
s := "c"
s += s0 + s1 // ERROR "s0 \+ s1 does not escape$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
_ = s
}
func addstr2() {
b := make([]byte, 20) // ERROR "make\(\[\]byte, 20\) does not escape$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
s0 := "a"
s := string(b) + s0 // ERROR "string\(b\) \+ s0 does not escape$" "string\(b\) does not escape$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
_ = s
}
func addstr3() {
s0 := "a"
s1 := "b"
s := s0 + s1 // ERROR "s0 \+ s1 escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
s2 := s[0:1]
sink = s2 // ERROR "s2 escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: allocate buffers for non-escaped strings on stack Currently we always allocate string buffers in heap. For example, in the following code we allocate a temp string just for comparison: if string(byteSlice) == "abc" { ... } This change extends escape analysis to cover []byte->string conversions and string concatenation. If the result of operations does not escape, compiler allocates a small buffer on stack and passes it to slicebytetostring and concatstrings. Then runtime uses the buffer if the result fits into it. Size of the buffer is 32 bytes. There is no fundamental theory behind this number. Just an observation that on std lib tests/benchmarks frequency of string allocation is inversely proportional to string length; and there is significant number of allocations up to length 32. benchmark old allocs new allocs delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 2 1 -50.00% BenchmarkDecodeComplex128Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeFloat64Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeInt32Slice 318 316 -0.63% BenchmarkDecodeStringSlice 2318 2316 -0.09% BenchmarkStripTags 11 5 -54.55% BenchmarkDecodeGray 111 102 -8.11% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 200 188 -6.00% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 165 152 -7.88% BenchmarkDecodePaletted 319 309 -3.13% BenchmarkDecodeRGB 166 157 -5.42% BenchmarkDecodeInterlacing 279 268 -3.94% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% BenchmarkGoLookupIPWithBrokenNameServer 245 226 -7.76% BenchmarkClientServerParallel4 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallel64 62 61 -1.61% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS4 79 78 -1.27% BenchmarkClientServerParallelTLS64 112 111 -0.89% benchmark old ns/op new ns/op delta BenchmarkFprintfBytes 381 311 -18.37% BenchmarkStripTags 2615 2351 -10.10% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAGradient 3715887 3635096 -2.17% BenchmarkDecodeNRGBAOpaque 3047645 2928644 -3.90% BenchmarkGoLookupIP 153 135 -11.76% BenchmarkGoLookupIPNoSuchHost 508 466 -8.27% Change-Id: I9ec01da816945c3329d7be3c7794b520418c3f99 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/3120 Reviewed-by: Keith Randall <khr@golang.org> Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org>
2015-01-21 14:37:59 +00:00
}
func intstring0() bool {
// string does not escape
x := '0'
s := string(x) // ERROR "string\(x\) does not escape$"
return s == "0"
}
func intstring1() string {
// string does not escape, but the buffer does
x := '0'
s := string(x) // ERROR "string\(x\) escapes to heap$"
return s
}
func intstring2() {
// string escapes to heap
x := '0'
s := string(x) // ERROR "moved to heap: s$" "string\(x\) escapes to heap$"
sink = &s
}
func stringtoslicebyte0() {
s := "foo"
x := []byte(s) // ERROR "\(\[\]byte\)\(s\) does not escape$"
_ = x
}
func stringtoslicebyte1() []byte {
s := "foo"
return []byte(s) // ERROR "\(\[\]byte\)\(s\) escapes to heap$"
}
func stringtoslicebyte2() {
s := "foo"
sink = []byte(s) // ERROR "\(\[\]byte\)\(s\) escapes to heap$"
}
func stringtoslicerune0() {
s := "foo"
x := []rune(s) // ERROR "\(\[\]rune\)\(s\) does not escape$"
_ = x
}
func stringtoslicerune1() []rune {
s := "foo"
return []rune(s) // ERROR "\(\[\]rune\)\(s\) escapes to heap$"
}
func stringtoslicerune2() {
s := "foo"
sink = []rune(s) // ERROR "\(\[\]rune\)\(s\) escapes to heap$"
}
func slicerunetostring0() {
r := []rune{1, 2, 3} // ERROR "\[\]rune{...} does not escape$"
s := string(r) // ERROR "string\(r\) does not escape$"
_ = s
}
func slicerunetostring1() string {
r := []rune{1, 2, 3} // ERROR "\[\]rune{...} does not escape$"
return string(r) // ERROR "string\(r\) escapes to heap$"
}
func slicerunetostring2() {
r := []rune{1, 2, 3} // ERROR "\[\]rune{...} does not escape$"
sink = string(r) // ERROR "string\(r\) escapes to heap$"
}
func makemap0() {
m := make(map[int]int) // ERROR "make\(map\[int\]int\) does not escape$"
m[0] = 0
m[1]++
delete(m, 1)
sink = m[0] // ERROR "m\[0\] escapes to heap$"
}
func makemap1() map[int]int {
return make(map[int]int) // ERROR "make\(map\[int\]int\) escapes to heap$"
}
func makemap2() {
m := make(map[int]int) // ERROR "make\(map\[int\]int\) escapes to heap$"
sink = m
}
func nonescapingEface(m map[interface{}]bool) bool { // ERROR "m does not escape$"
return m["foo"] // ERROR ".foo. does not escape$"
}
func nonescapingIface(m map[M]bool) bool { // ERROR "m does not escape$"
return m[MV(0)] // ERROR "MV\(0\) does not escape$"
}
cmd/gc: fix escape analysis of closures Fixes #10353 See test/escape2.go:issue10353. Previously new(int) did not escape to heap, and so heap-allcated closure was referencing a stack var. This breaks the invariant that heap must not contain pointers to stack. Look at the following program: package main func main() { foo(new(int)) bar(new(int)) } func foo(x *int) func() { return func() { println(*x) } } // Models what foo effectively does. func bar(x *int) *C { return &C{x} } type C struct { x *int } Without this patch escape analysis works as follows: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:0 depth:1 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x to result ~r1 escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:4: main new(int) does not escape new(int) does not escape while being captured by the closure. With this patch escape analysis of foo and bar works similarly: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &(func literal)( l(9)) scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:4: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap Change-Id: Ifd14b7ae3fc11820e3b5eb31eb07f35a22ed0932 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8408 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org> Run-TryBot: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2015-04-06 15:17:20 +00:00
func issue10353() {
x := new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: fix escape analysis of closures Fixes #10353 See test/escape2.go:issue10353. Previously new(int) did not escape to heap, and so heap-allcated closure was referencing a stack var. This breaks the invariant that heap must not contain pointers to stack. Look at the following program: package main func main() { foo(new(int)) bar(new(int)) } func foo(x *int) func() { return func() { println(*x) } } // Models what foo effectively does. func bar(x *int) *C { return &C{x} } type C struct { x *int } Without this patch escape analysis works as follows: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:0 depth:1 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x to result ~r1 escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:4: main new(int) does not escape new(int) does not escape while being captured by the closure. With this patch escape analysis of foo and bar works similarly: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &(func literal)( l(9)) scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:4: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap Change-Id: Ifd14b7ae3fc11820e3b5eb31eb07f35a22ed0932 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8408 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org> Run-TryBot: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2015-04-06 15:17:20 +00:00
issue10353a(x)()
}
cmd/compile: update escape analysis tests for newescape The new escape analysis implementation tries to emit debugging diagnostics that are compatible with the existing implementation, but there's a handful of cases that are easier to handle by updating the test expectations instead. For regress tests that need updating, the original file is copied to oldescapeXXX.go.go with -newescape=false added to the //errorcheck line, while the file is updated in place with -newescape=true and new test requirements. Notable test changes: 1) escape_because.go looks for a lot of detailed internal debugging messages that are fairly particular to how esc.go works and that I haven't attempted to port over to escape.go yet. 2) There are a lot of "leaking param: x to result ~r1 level=-1" messages for code like func(p *int) *T { return &T{p} } that were simply wrong. Here &T must be heap allocated unconditionally (because it's being returned); and since p is stored into it, p escapes unconditionally too. esc.go incorrectly reports that p escapes conditionally only if the returned pointer escaped. 3) esc.go used to print each "leaking param" analysis result as it discovered them, which could lead to redundant messages (e.g., that a param leaks at level=0 and level=1). escape.go instead prints everything at the end, once it knows the shortest path to each sink. 4) esc.go didn't precisely model direct-interface types, resulting in some values unnecessarily escaping to the heap when stored into non-escaping interface values. 5) For functions written in assembly, esc.go only printed "does not escape" messages, whereas escape.go prints "does not escape" or "leaking param" as appropriate, consistent with the behavior for functions written in Go. 6) 12 tests included "BAD" annotations identifying cases where esc.go was unnecessarily heap allocating something. These are all fixed by escape.go. Updates #23109. Change-Id: Iabc9eb14c94c9cadde3b183478d1fd54f013502f Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/170447 Run-TryBot: Matthew Dempsky <mdempsky@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org> Reviewed-by: David Chase <drchase@google.com>
2019-04-02 21:44:13 +00:00
func issue10353a(x *int) func() { // ERROR "leaking param: x$"
return func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: fix escape analysis of closures Fixes #10353 See test/escape2.go:issue10353. Previously new(int) did not escape to heap, and so heap-allcated closure was referencing a stack var. This breaks the invariant that heap must not contain pointers to stack. Look at the following program: package main func main() { foo(new(int)) bar(new(int)) } func foo(x *int) func() { return func() { println(*x) } } // Models what foo effectively does. func bar(x *int) *C { return &C{x} } type C struct { x *int } Without this patch escape analysis works as follows: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:0 depth:1 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x to result ~r1 escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:4: main new(int) does not escape new(int) does not escape while being captured by the closure. With this patch escape analysis of foo and bar works similarly: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &(func literal)( l(9)) scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:4: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap Change-Id: Ifd14b7ae3fc11820e3b5eb31eb07f35a22ed0932 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8408 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org> Run-TryBot: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2015-04-06 15:17:20 +00:00
println(*x)
}
}
func issue10353b() {
var f func()
for {
x := new(int) // ERROR "new\(int\) escapes to heap$"
f = func() { // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap$"
cmd/gc: fix escape analysis of closures Fixes #10353 See test/escape2.go:issue10353. Previously new(int) did not escape to heap, and so heap-allcated closure was referencing a stack var. This breaks the invariant that heap must not contain pointers to stack. Look at the following program: package main func main() { foo(new(int)) bar(new(int)) } func foo(x *int) func() { return func() { println(*x) } } // Models what foo effectively does. func bar(x *int) *C { return &C{x} } type C struct { x *int } Without this patch escape analysis works as follows: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:0 depth:1 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x to result ~r1 escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:4: main new(int) does not escape new(int) does not escape while being captured by the closure. With this patch escape analysis of foo and bar works similarly: $ go build -gcflags="-m -m -m -l" esc.go escflood:1: dst ~r1 scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &(func literal)( l(9)) scope:foo[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 func literal( l(9) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:9: func literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(8) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:foo[1] /tmp/live2.go:8: leaking param: x escflood:2: dst ~r1 scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:0 depth:0 &C literal( l(15) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:15: &C literal escapes to heap escwalk: level:-1 depth:1 &C literal( l(15)) scope:bar[0] escwalk: level:-1 depth:2 x( l(14) class(PPARAM) f(1) esc(no) ld(1)) scope:bar[1] /tmp/live2.go:14: leaking param: x /tmp/live2.go:4: new(int) escapes to heap /tmp/live2.go:5: new(int) escapes to heap Change-Id: Ifd14b7ae3fc11820e3b5eb31eb07f35a22ed0932 Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/8408 Reviewed-by: Russ Cox <rsc@golang.org> Run-TryBot: Dmitry Vyukov <dvyukov@google.com> TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
2015-04-06 15:17:20 +00:00
println(*x)
}
}
_ = f
}
func issue11387(x int) func() int {
f := func() int { return x } // ERROR "func literal escapes to heap"
slice1 := []func() int{f} // ERROR "\[\].* does not escape"
slice2 := make([]func() int, 1) // ERROR "make\(.*\) does not escape"
copy(slice2, slice1)
return slice2[0]
}
func issue12397(x, y int) { // ERROR "moved to heap: y$"
// x does not escape below, because all relevant code is dead.
if false {
gxx = &x
} else {
gxx = &y
}
if true {
gxx = &y
} else {
gxx = &x
}
}